Primary sources
A
primary source is an
original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand
information. Primary sources include historical and legal documents,
eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of
creative writing, and art objects. In the natural and social sciences,
primary sources are often empirical studies -- research where an
experiment was done or a direct observation was made. The results of
empirical studies are typically found in scholarly articles or papers
delivered at conferences, so those articles and papers that present the
original results are considered primary sources.
Secondary sources
A
secondary source
is something written about a primary source. Secondary sources include
comments on, interpretations of, or discussions about the original
material. You can think of secondary sources as second-hand information.
If I tell you something, I am the primary source. If you tell someone
else what I told you, you are the secondary source. Secondary source
materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines, book or
movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or
evaluate someone else's original research.
Research versus Review Articles
Although
scientific and other peer reviewed journals are excellent sources for
primary research, not every article in those journals will be a research
article. Content may also include book reviews, editorials, and
review articles. Since
review articles
include citations and are often quite lengthy, on first glance, they
can be difficult to differentiate from original research articles. Since
the authors of review articles are discussing, analyzing, and
evaluating others' research, not reporting on their own research, review
articles are not primary sources. They can be of great value, however,
for identifying potentially good primary sources.
Primary research articles can be identified by a commonly used format. Look for sections titled
Methods (sometimes with variations, such as Materials and Methods),
Results (usually followed with charts and statistical tables), and
Discussion. Since a review of the literature is part of the research process, the article will also include bibliographic citations and a
Works Cited section at the end. An
Abstract at
the beginning will summarize the research findings and give you a good
sense of the kind of article that is being presented, so this is an
excellent tool to use to determine if the item is a review article or a
research article. If there is no abstract at all, that in itself may be a
sign that it is not a primary resource. Short research articles, such
as those found in
Science and similar scientific publications
that mix news, editorials, and forums with research reports, however,
may not include any of those elements. In those cases look at the words
the authors use, phrases such as "we tested" and "in our study, we
measured" will tell you that the article is reporting on original
research.
Source: http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary